An operation that permanently joins two or more vertebrae so they heal into a single, stable segment of bone
Used for spinal instability, fractures, spondylolisthesis (slippage of one vertebra over another), deformity, and certain cases of degenerative disc disease
Stabilization is achieved with bone graft and instrumentation — typically screws and rods — that hold the vertebrae in position while the bone heals
Can be performed through traditional open or minimally invasive approaches, depending on the condition
Relieves pain caused by abnormal motion at the affected segment and protects the spinal cord and nerves
Full bone healing takes several months, and activity is increased gradually during recovery
